Which of the following is a method of extreme body modification?

Branding qualifies as a method of extreme body modification because it involves the intentional scarring of the skin through the application of heat, often using a metal object to create permanent marks or designs. This process is not only painful but also alters the skin’s texture and appearance significantly. Unlike more common forms of body art, such as tattooing, branding carries additional risks, including deeper tissue damage, infection, and significant emotional and psychological implications associated with the extreme nature of the modification.

Tattooing, while it can be considered a form of body art, is widely accepted and practiced, and it typically involves injecting ink into the dermis layer of the skin rather than altering the skin’s surface through severe injury. Chemical peeling and camouflage techniques are usually associated with skin care or aesthetic correction rather than modification. Thus, branding stands out as an extreme practice due to the method's severe physical impact and the lasting change it creates in the body.